Originally published in the SCEA Bulletin.

Part 1                                                                     

WHEN British Service personnel finally leave Malta in 1979 it will have been a major British base for almost 180 years. It therefore seems appropriate to mark the occasion with a brief history of Service Children's Schools in the island - and where better to publish it than this excellent Bulletin, which in the short period of its life has carried a number of articles with a Malta dateline.

Much research needs to be done and one of the purposes of this opening article is to appeal for help from anyone with recollections of single-Service schools in the island, or who knows of any other sources of information. I should be most grateful if they would write to me, Officer-in-Charge, Service Children's Schools Malta, BFPO 51. I should perhaps explain that records in Malta seem to be almost non-existent, partly because the Navy didn't seem to take over any Army records when it assumed the administration of the Army Schools in 1969, and partly because such records as did exist were either destroyed or (more probably) returned to UK during the 1972 withdrawal. I will nevertheless sketch in such information as we have already.

Probably the first British Serviceman to serve ashore in Malta, and certainly the first British Commander in the island, was Captain Alexander Ball. Royal Navy, one of Nelson's 'band of brothers', He came to assist the Maltese in ridding themselves of the unpopular French garrison left by Napoleon and which was at that time under siege in Valletta. His assistance was at first in the form of a blockade by British ships but in December 1799 he was joined by the first detachment of British troops to be sent to the island. The French Commander, General Vaubois, finally surrendered to the British on 5 September 1800, mainly as a result of Ball's blockade, and British Service personnel have been continuously based in the island from that day to this. The last one, likely to be another Naval officer, Rear Admiral O N A Cecil, the Commander British Forces Malta, is scheduled to leave on 31 March 1979, Malta's 'date with destiny'.

No information has come to light as to when the first Service Children's School was opened in the island but there can be little doubt that it would have been one of the Army's regimental schools which, by War Office Circular 79 of 27 December 1811, were established in each battalion or corps, presumably including those overseas, 'for the instruction of young soldiers and of the children of soldiers'. Such schools were presumably integral parts of the battalions concerned and moved with them round the world. They could not therefore be said to be permanently established in Malta. It is hoped that research may bring to light more information on these regimental schools in Malta.

The writer, being a Naval officer and having twice served at Tal Handaq School (1958-60 and 1970-74), has more access to Naval information and records than to those of the Armv, which in any case have long left Malta, so it is not surprising that the majority of the information available so far has a distinct Naval bias.

An article in the RN School (Tal Handaq) Magazine for 1953 by the then Headmaster, Instructor Commander (later Instructor Rear Admiral) A J Bellamy, is a useful secondary source of information and tells us that the Admiralty opened the Dockyard School, Malta, in 1880, in a dining hall just inside the Dockyard gates. It catered for 30 to 40 pupils, mainly the children of Maltese Dockyard personnel who were prepared for Dockyard Apprenticeships, but it was undoubtedly the direct predecessor of Tal Handaq School today. In 1904 it became too big for the dining hall and moved to an old prison in Prison Street, Senglea. It is interesting to note that the daughter of the Headmaster of about this time. Naval Schoolmaster W Candey, who subsequently herself taught at the RN School, is still living in Malta.

In Senglea the school gradually grew to about 250 pupils and from 1918 onwards the proportion of English pupils grew steadily as it began to concentrate on the children of British Dockyard Civilian and Naval personnel and to prepare pupils for the School Certificate (or Matriculation) examination as well as for the Dockyard Apprentice Entry Examination. New premises were required and in 1929 the school moved to St Clement's Bastion, adjacent to Verdala Barracks, Cottonera, to buildings which had already been is use as a Malta Government School since 1925, and which eventually became known as Verdala School. The school was then still known as the Dockyard School and from that time onwards it seems to be confused in people's recollections with the Dockyard Apprentices' School (subsequently the Dockyard Technical College) which, of course, remained within the Dockyard until its closure in 1960.

The children's school flourished at Verdala until by 1938 there were 530 pupils, so that upper storeys had to be added to the buildings. In this year ten School Certificates were won. It even continued after the outbreak of war in 1939 but in 1940, after Italy's entry, it was hurriedly evacuated to St George's Barracks, further along the coast to the North West and away from the Dockyard target area for enemy bombers. It struggled on here until 1942 when it closed until after the war.

On 16 May 1946 the Dockyard Children's School was reopened in two semi-detached villas in the fashionable waterside residential area of Ta' Xbiex (rather easier to pronounce when you know that 'x' sounds like 'sh'). The new Headmaster was Instructor Lieutenant Commander (later Instructor Captain) A H Miles, Royal Navy, who had been on the staff of the school before the war and who later returned to Malta yet again as Fleet Instructor Officer. He was awarded the OBE for his work at the school and he remains the main source of first-hand information about the pre-war school.

In those days, both before and after the war, the school was staffed by a nucleus of Naval Schoolmasters and Naval Instructor Officers, supplemented by Locally Entered Teachers, who were recruited from the wives of the large numbers of Service personnel then in Malta. In 1946 the reopened school had 55 pupils and Lt Commander Miles's staff consisted of two Instructor Lieutenants and their wives, with Mrs Miles as School Secretary, very much a family affair.

From then on expansion was spectacular. In January 1947 rising numbers (270 pupils and 11 staff) forced a move to disused wartime Army barracks at Tal Handaq, built of scattered flat-roofed single-storey buildings so as to appear from the air like a typical Maltese hamlet (a characteristic which has proved difficult to shake off) and on 15 July 1947 the name was changed to Naval Children's School. Numbers leaped to 530 by December 1948 and 735 in 1949, a year during which 500 new pupils were admitted. It thus became essential to find yet more premises, and it was in April 1949 that Verdala school was reopened as a subsidiary to Tal Handaq to take some (but not yet all) of the Primary pupils. Thus Tal Handaq continued to be an all-age school, with the Secondary department organised on bilateral lines.　

It was about this time that Miss J Yule joined the staff as a Locally Entered Teacher. She later became Senior Mistress and was awarded the MBE before her retirement in 1971. Happily she remains in Malta as a good friend of the schools and is another useful source of first-hand information.

In 1950, with numbers over 500, staffing policy changed and for the first time the Admiralty recruited and sent out seconded teachers from UK, to the extent of 12 out of a total staff of 36 in 1950/51. In 1952 (numbers at 1470) there was another change of title to 'Royal Naval School', and it seems to have been in 1954 that it proved possible to house all the Primary section at Verdala, where a separate Headmaster was appointed, although the schools were still officially two separate parts of one whole. Both Headmasters were Naval Instructor Officers and there were up to five other Instructor Officers on the staff of Tal Handaq during this period.

Throughout the fifties numbers increased steadily, reaching a maximum in 1960 of 1050 at Tal Handaq and about 1 200 at Verdala. Even those who were on the staff at the time find it difficult to understand how buildings designed to cope with 600, or eventually 800, sufficed for such numbers, but there were certainly a few floating classes with no classroom to call their own.

In the sixties, with Malta's approaching independence, numbers began to decline but never as fast as predicted and in late 1966 there were still nearly 900 pupils at Tal Handaq, which had been reorganised along comprehensive lines in 1964 (a comparatively small and untraumatic change). The Sixth Form was larger than ever (although still small by UK standards) and examination results in CSE and at 'O' and 'A' level improved steadily in both quality and quantity to the point where there were regularly about 50 'A' level subject passes each year.

On the formation of SCEA in 1969, Instructor Captain H C Malkin, the Headmaster of Tal Handaq, became the first Officer in Charge, Service Children's Schools Malta, Naples and Tripoli and took under his wing (in addition to Verdala) the Army Schools at St Andrews, Tigne and St Davids (Mtarfa) and the RAF School at Luqa (with an Annexe at Safi), as well as small schools in Naples and Tripoli. This was clearly an unsuitable burden for a Comprehensive School Headmaster to bear so in January 1970 the present writer relieved Captain Malkin as Headmaster so that the latter could devote all his attention to administration.

Tigne School closed in Summer 1970 and after that the next major event was the sudden withdrawal of all British Service personnel and families from Malta in 1972. This has already been described in an earlier SCEA Bulletin and all that need be said here is that all staff and pupils left the island within two weeks of the first announcement and all the schools were cleared of equipment (except furniture) and closed. As is now well known they were subsequently reopened, the Primaries late in the Summer Term and Tal Handaq in September 1972. About one quarter of the pupils had been in Malta before and roughly half the staff, but at the planning stage there was practically no information available at all, even on pupil numbers. However, the resilience of Service Children, and of the teachers, won through and the schools were soon back into their stride, the worst sufferers having been those pupils who were forced into an unplanned school change just over a term before they were due to take public examinations.

The rest is very recent history indeed, with a planned rundown during the years 1972 to 1979, the period of the Military Facilities Agreement. St Davids Infants School Mtarfa closed in July 1975 and Verdala a year later, so that at the time of writing the schools are reduced to three: Tal Handaq (Secondary) and Luqa and St Andrews (Primary). All will close in July 1978, to coincide with the official end of family support facilities in September 1978. No Serviceman will be allowed to bring his family out to Malta under official arrangements after March 1978 and any who retain children in Malta after September 1978 will have to make their own arrangements for schooling at local schools, as in any other extra-command area.

It will be seen that the preceding account lacks any sort of information on Army and RAF schools before 1969, although we do know that those mentioned, St Andrews, Tigne, St Davids, Luqa and Safi, had all existed for many years, and that the date on the St Andrews School building is 1908. What is mainly lacking, therefore, is information on other schools which are known to have existed at various times and it is hoped that the article will produce some offers of information.

I trust my khaki-clad friends will forgive me it I begin this second article by adding just a little more to the Naval side of the story, a fuller account of which can be found in the 1978 edition of the Tal Handaq School magazine. A recent appeal in the local press has brought me a number of letters of reminiscence together with several useful pointers to original sources and I am particularly grateful to Mr W Bellizzi of Balzan whose information finally led me to the Malta Times of Tuesday 19 October 1858 where I found the following:

[The office of examiner] will be performed bythe Naval Instructor of the Flagship, or the Senior Naval Instructor present,         and in the event of the fleet being absent, by such other properly qualified person, either a clergyman or a graduate, who will be called upon to draw up report upon the school for transmission to the Admiralty Inspector of Schools England.Thus 1 November 1858 appears to be the definitive date for the opening of the original, official. Admiralty-sponsored Dockyard School, although there seems to have been an earlier unofficial one.This makes Tal Handaq, its direct descendant, by farhe oldest of our remaining schools, just short of its 120th birthday. It was very far from being the first official Service School, however, as we shall see, neither does it occupy the oldest remaining school building. The next edition of the Malta Times adds the information that the Revd B Howe, Chaplain to the Yard, had 'the honor of first proposing the school to the Admiral Superintendent in March last. Admiral Stopford readily took up the suggestion and forwarded Mr Howe's letter to the Admiralty, supporting it with all his influence'. However, this was not the first attempt by a chaplain to put the schooling on a proper footing. Some twelve years earlier the Revd M Tucker had proposed that a person from England be sent to fill the vacant appointment of Clerk of the Chapel and also to undertake the duties of schoolmaster. Rear Admiral Lucius Curtis ('never having been consulted on the matter") did not seem to be strongly in favour, but concluded his forwarding letter (1) dated 10 January 1846, by saying that, should their Lordships be pleased to approve the proposal he begged 'strongly to recommend that the person sent should be married, as from experience I too well know that the temptations are so great that very few single men can escape the baneful influence of liquor, which is so cheap that they soon become inveterate drunkards - -- '. At this point I should perhaps confess that I first came to Tal Handaq as a bachelor.

The site of the school is more difficult to establish. Various reports (2) indicate that it may have been originally in a sail loft, then the War Games Room then an old dining hall, before moving to the well remembered site in Old Prison Street, just inside Isola Gate, Senglea. These last buildings were old Army Barracks, first converted to Naval or Dockyard use about 1899 (3). The issue is confused by the existence of an earlier, and presumably unofficial, school called the 'British National School' in very much the same area (near the Sta Margherita Arches). The only original evidence I have found is the following notice in the Malta Government Gazette of 31 May 1820. British National School Burmola (4) 20 May 1820

The date of its opening and the length of its life are not clear but there certainly could have been a need for it as early as 1804, when there were already 28 English craftsmen (5) in the well established Dockyard. However, Admiral Curtis, in his earlier quoted letter (1) refers to an unsuccessful attempt to start a school based entirely on voluntary contributions, in 1819.

Having got back to 1804 let us now transfer our attention to the Army who have usually been well ahead of the Navy in the matter of looking after families. In the last article I mentioned the arrival of the first large detachment of British troops while the French were still under blockade and siege in Valetta and the three Cities. They landed on 10 December 1799 at St Paul's Bay, having sailed from Messina in HMS NORTHUMBERLAND and HMS CULLODEN, and consisted of the 30th and 89th Regiments of Foot (later 1 East Lancs and 2 Royal Irish Fusiliers) under the command of Brigadier General Thomas Graham (6). The force comprised 64 Officers and 888 men, accompanied by 62 women and, astonishingly enough, 15 children, who must surely have been the first British Service Children to come to Malta. They are hardly likely to have had a school but it is not impossible that one of the Regiments would have had a Schoolmaster on the strength, whose duties would have included the teaching of children as well as of young soldiers, although the regiments concerned have no evidence that such a man was on the strength.

For further information on early Regimental Schools readers should refer to Colonel N T St J Williams's excellent and informative book 'Tommy Atkins' Children" (7) from where we learn that, although regimental schools had been in existence for many years (on an unofficial basis), in 1811, by War Office Circular 79, it became a requirement 'that in each battalion or corps a regimental school shall accordingly forthwith be established". I am afraid it has not been possible from Malta to do the detailed research into regimental histories which would doubtless provide information on the many such schools which must have existed in Malta from 1812 onwards but in any case the next major development did not occur until 1850, and for what follows I am greatly indebted to the pupils of Verdala School in 1975, under the guidance of Mr Denis Sanderson, for obtaining from the Public Record Office copies of a long and very fascinating correspondence (8) on what they clearly thought would turn out to be the foundation of their school. They must have been bitterly disappointed to find that it was not, but what they acquired was an absolute mine of information on a very significant development in Army education. They were professional enough to leave their correspondence and facsimiles with Mr Roger Vella Bonavita, of the History Department of the . University of Malta, and he has kindly made them available to me.

The planned building of Verdala Barracks (for 800 men) caused the Secretary at War the enquire, in a letter dated 2 August 1849, 'whether a School room on the new system has been included in these arrangements'. After a first fairly glib reply (that 'as the rooms are equally well adapted for the purpose, one or more can be so appropriated without any inconvenience except that of decreasing the extent of accommodation for Troops by 12 men for each of the Rooms so disposed of), it became apparent that a chapel was also needed and a proposal was soon forthcoming for the building of one of the Chapel Schools conceived by the Reverend G R Gleig, Principal Chaplain and Inspector General of Army Schools 1846-1857 (9). A survey of existing schoolrooms and the disposition of the various barracks was called for, and so we learn that in 1850 there were in existence six schoolrooms in all, situated in Upper St Elmo, Lower St Elmo (2), St James, Isola Gate (the barrack that was later to become the Dockyard School) and Floriana. All were unsatisfactory in various degrees, 'being usually a Soldiers' casemate room, lighted only from the door, or small windows near it, and from the solidity of the buildings, incapable of alteration." (10) To cut a long story short it was decided to build two Chapel Schools, one on each side of Grand Harbour, to which the majority of the men (the children apparently not being considered to any great extent) would have sufficiently easy access. They were to be modelled on the one at Preston (but with no ceiling, like the one at Cork) and the first specifications and plan for the one for Verdala Barracks were produced in April 1851, the first estimate of cost being £2527-4-51/4. It subsequently suffered a reduction in length, increase in height, reduction of cost (by reducing the thickness of the walls, amongst other things) and no less than three changes of site, being finally completed at Sta Margherita Square (just opposite the Vittoriosa Bus Terminus today) almost exactly four years later in April 1855. An exact twin to this Chapel School was completed at the Upper Baracca, Valetta, a year or two later, having first been proposed for the site of the Auberge d'Angleterre, where the Opera House was eventually built.

These two buildings. therefore, were the first purpose-built (or more accurately, dual-purpose-built) Service schools in Malta, that at the Upper Baracca being still in existence today, but as a GPO sorting office, as shown in the recent photograph. Most people remember it as the Valetta Garrison Church but not one person has mentioned its use as a school so I conclude that its scholastic function ceased at, or before, the turn of the century. In more recent years it served as the Vernon Club.

The Sta Margherita  School, however, although completely demolished during World War II (walls too thin?!) is remembered by many people as a school and I believe it must have closed in the early 1920s. Mr J Galea of Zabbar even remembers it in 1914 in its dual-purpose form divided into classrooms during the week by curtains, but its use as a church ceased about this time. The photograph shows it as it used to look, identical to that at the Upper Baracca. Mr Galea and others remember travelling to the various Army Schools in horse or mule-drawn waggons or ambulances, even as late as 1934 at St Andrews.

It is ironic to read in a report dated July 1858 (11) that 'whilst two of the regiments are provided with magnificent schoolrooms in the two newly-erected chapel schools, rooms indeed far beyond their requirements, the others are labouring under every possible disadvantage in carrying on their duties in barrack rooms but ill suited for the purpose - - -.' Gleig's aim of concentrating the schooling was thus not achieved, someone having decided that the travelling problem was too great in the heat of the Maltese summer.

It seems that the first single-purpose-built Service school in Malta may have been that at the English Curtain, below the Anglican Cathedral and opposite the Auberge de Baviere, Valctta. Confusingly enough it is described on the original plan (12) as St lilmo Adults' and Infants' School although it is not actually situated at St HI mo, where there was another school at the same time. The school at the English Curtain still stands today (see photograph), much the same as when it was opened in 1905, although it became the Provost HQ during the last War and has not been used as a school since. It was long ago handed back to the Malta Government. The Floriana Garrison School, in a building now used by the Inland Revenue, also seems likely to have been purpose built and to have opened in the first few years of the century, and it continued in existence at least until the beginning of the Second World War, but I have no exact dates. As mentioned earlier, St Elmo had a school within its boundaries at least up to the First War and probably Riscasoli did too, but I have no exact dates and no information as to whether either of these was purpose built.

The most recently used barracks are St Andrews, St Davids (Mtarfa) and Tigne. The school at Tigne was originally hutted, but at the time of its closure in 1970 in was in permanent buildings adapted for the purpose. I am afraid I have no knowledge of the history of St Davids School, closed in July 1975, but to St Andrews goes the honour of being our oldest purpose-built school still in use, having been completed in 1908 and used almost continuously since then.

No account of Army schools in Malta would be complete without a reference to those mainstays of Tommy Atkins' Children's education, the Queen's Army Schoolmistresses, who often provided the backbone of the school staffs, sometimes in circumstances much more difficult than those of today (13). At least one former QAS and former Headmistress of Tigne School, Miss M C Clark MBE, is still living in Malta today, and with Miss J Yule MBE (former Senior Mistress of Tal Handaq) and Miss L Harris-Candey (who not only taught at the Dockyard (later RN) Children's School but was educated there, her father having joined the staff in 1902, later becoming Headmaster) provide a seemingly inexhaustible fund of information and personal reminiscence.

Finally a very brief word on RAF schools, on which, in spite of the Editor's valiant efforts, information has remained very scarce. Luqa School, on its present site, is certainly purpose built and is believed to have opened in 1952, and for a considerable (but uncertain) period it had an annexe at RAF Safi. Luqa Airfield itself was not built until after the outbreak of war in 1939. The first RAF base in Malta was a Kalafrana (a pre-1914 RN seaplane base) and I am told by Mr Gregory of Mellieha that a school was built there, probably just after the First War, and was situated near to Octopus Creek. It probably continued as the only RAF School until 1939, catering also for children at RAF Hal Far.

(1) Appendix 10 to 'HM Dockyard, Malta' by W A Griffiths, typescript in National Library Valetta.

(2)a. Griffiths' paper (Note 1) b. 'L-Istorja tat tarzna' by K Ellul Galea, Il-Hajja 1973c. Article by D Degiorgio in magazine 'L-Ideal'No 58 Nov 1970 page 22

(3)Conversion plans in National Museum, Valetta

(4)Burmola or Bormla or Cospicua

(5)Appendix 3 to Griffiths' paper (Note 1)

 (6)Brigadier A Samut-Tagliaferro: History of the Royal Malta Artillery Vol 1 page 11 (Lux Press Malta- 1976)

 (7)HMSO 1971

(8)Public Record Office Reference WO44 596 x/k 21 18

(9)'Tommy Atkins' Children' page 46

 (10)Letter from GOC Malta to Secretary at War dated 25 November 1 850 (note 8)

(11)Appendix 1 No 7 to Report on Army Schools 1862

(12)Plans held in National Museum Valetta

(13)See Mrs Carter's story quoted in Tommy Atkins' Children pp 144/5

 Presumably in those days the school was of the standard 'Elementary School' pattern prevalent in England before the 1944 Education Act, taking pupils up to the then school leaving age of 14. Lieutenant Cdr Miles opened the 'New School' (still known as the Dockyard Children's School) in two semi-detached villas, 'Sunshine' and Seafoam', in Ta' Xbiex on 16 May 1946. It was an all-age school with 95 pupils and five staff, the other four being two Naval Instructor Lieutenants and their wives. Mrs Miles was the school secretary so it was a fairly close-knit organisation.

Numbers increased rapidly and in January 1947 they moved to a disused emergency Army Barracks at Tal Handaq, with 270 pupils and 11 staff. How many realise that the tombstone-like slab by the flag-staff is a memorial to the Royal Artillery battery which was stationed at Tal Handaq during the war years? On 15 July 1947 the school's name was changed to the "Naval Children's School'.

When I joined the staff in September 19419 the school was physically much as it is now from the top gate down as far as the Assembly Hall, which was then in process of building. Some of the blocks were still only one-storey buildings and the gym and all other buildings now beyond the hall did not exist.

It may interest readers to know that Tal Handaq had been built in the form of one-storey buildings in order to hoodwink the enemy into thinking it was an innocuous Maltese village instead of an anti-aircraft battery. Traces of the Army's occupation were to be seen in the many bars still at the windows and it was rumoured that the Women's Staff room had formerly been the Guard Room.

During the first years the school had been an all-age one but with the re-opening of Verdala School in 1949 the infants and juniors gradually began to be absorbed into what became Verdala Junior Naval School, although the Tal Handaq Headmaster remained in charge of both.

During the first few years the school grew apace. It was in June 1950 that the first UK based teachers were appointed. Previously that staff had consisted of the Headmaster with several Royal Naval Instructor Officers and locally entered women teachers, many of whom were the wives of Service personnel. This resulted in frequent changes of staff and so, in order to introduce greater stability and academic continuity, it was decided to appoint from England experienced teachers, originally on a three-year contract. The first to arrive were Heads of Departments and the school is especially grateful to Messrs Edgell and Ruoff (History and Geography respectively) who each remained for at least nine years.